Human Capitalists
The widespread and growing use of equity-based compensation has transformed high-skilled labor from a pure labor input to a class of “human capitalists.” High-skilled labor earns substantial income in the form of equity claims to firms’ future dividends and capital gains. Equity-based compensation has increased substantially since the 1980s, representing thirty-six percent of total compensation to high-skilled labor in US manufacturing in recent years. Ignoring equity income causes incorrect measurement of the returns to high-skilled labor, with substantial effects on macroeconomic trends. In manufacturing, the inclusion of equity-based compensation almost eliminates the decline in the high-skilled labor share, and reduces the total decline in the labor share by about one-third. Only by including equity pay does our structural estimation support complementarity between high-skilled labor and physical capital greater than that of Cobb and Douglas (1928). We also provide additional regression evidence of such complementarity.
Non-Technical Summaries
- Labor’s share of corporate earnings has shrunk in recent decades, but when equity-based payments are included in compensation, the...
Published Versions
Human Capitalists, Andrea L. Eisfeldt, Antonio Falato, Mindy Z. Xiaolan. in NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2022, volume 37, Eichenbaum, Hurst, and Ramey. 2023