This research was supported by the U.S. Social Security Administration through grant #10-P98363-1-02 to the National Bureau of Economic Research as part of the SSA Retirement Research Consortium and by NIA through the grant R37-AG025488. The findings and conclusions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not represent the views of SSA, any agency of the Federal Government, or the NBER. Ed Palmer and Ole Settergren provided valuable comment and advice that helped us model the actual Swedish system. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Erin Metcalf, Anne Moore and Carl Boe.