We are grateful to Joe Altonji, Orazio Attanasio, John Bailey Jones, James Choi, Stefano DellaVigna, Andrew Hertzberg, Tatiana Homono, Shelly Lundberg, Costas Meghir, Pierre-Carl Michaud, Paolina Medina, Alberto Rossi, Arthur Seibold, Dmitry Taubinsky and Alessandra Voena for very helpful discussions and to Jun-Davinci Choi, Rosa Kleinman, Elijah Olson and Aneesha Parvathaneni for excellent research assistance. The research reported herein was performed pursuant to grant RDR18000003 from the US Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Retirement and Disability Research Consortium. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed are solely those of the authors and do not represent the opinions or policy of SSA, the U.S. Department of the Treasury, any other agency of the Federal Government, or NBER. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the contents of this report. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. We are grateful to the Yale Economics Tobin Center for Economic Policy for providing co-funding. This research was conducted while Goodman was an employee at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Any taxpayer data used in this research was kept in a secured Treasury or IRS data repository, and all results have been reviewed to ensure that no confidential information is disclosed.