Dr. Sabia acknowledges research support for this work from the Center for Health Economics & Policy Studies (CHEPS) at San Diego State University (SDSU), which has received grants from the Charles Koch Foundation as well as support from the James Hervey Johnson Educational Trust and SDSU's Division of Research and Innovation (DRI). Dr. Sabia and Dr. Courtemanche acknowledge support for this work through a grant made to the San Diego State University Research Foundation from Global Action to End Smoking (formerly known as the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World), an independent, U.S. nonprofit 501(c)(3) grantmaking organization, accelerating science-based efforts worldwide to end the smoking epidemic. Global Action played no role in designing, implementing, data analysis, or interpretation of the study results, nor did Global Action edit or approve any presentations or publications from the study. The contents, selection, and presentation of facts, as well as any opinions expressed, are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be regarded as reflecting the positions of Global Action to End Smoking. Global Action’s mission is to end combustible tobacco use, which remains the leading preventable cause of death globally. The organization collaborates with academic and research centers and others to accelerate life-saving research and educational projects. Global Action does not seek or accept funding from companies that produce tobacco or non-medicinal nicotine products. The charitable gift agreement (the “Pledge Agreement”) between the organization and its prior funder, PMI Global Services Inc., was terminated in September 2023. Dr. Sabia also acknowledges research support from a subcontract by Georgia State University in 2023 – via a grant received from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01DA045016 – to support exploratory work on this project. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institutes of Health. We thank Christian Pryfogle for outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Joseph J. Sabia
Dr. Sabia acknowledges research support for this work from the Center for Health Economics & Policy Studies (CHEPS) at San Diego State University (SDSU), which has received grants from the Charles Koch Foundation. Dr. Sabia and Dr. Courtemanche acknowledge support for this work through a grant made to the San Diego State University Research Foundation from Global Action to End Smoking (formerly known as the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World), an independent, U.S. nonprofit 501(c)(3) grantmaking organization, accelerating science-based efforts worldwide to end the smoking epidemic. Global Action played no role in designing, implementing, data analysis, or interpretation of the study results, nor did Global Action edit or approve any presentations or publications from the study. The contents, selection, and presentation of facts, as well as any opinions expressed, are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be regarded as reflecting the positions of Global Action to End Smoking. Global Action’s mission is to end combustible tobacco use, which remains the leading preventable cause of death globally. The organization collaborates with academic and research centers and others to accelerate life-saving research and educational projects. Global Action does not seek or accept funding from companies that produce tobacco or non-medicinal nicotine products. The charitable gift agreement (the “Pledge Agreement”) between the organization and its prior funder, PMI Global Services Inc., was terminated in September 2023. Dr. Sabia also acknowledges research support from a subcontract by Georgia State University in 2023 – via a grant received from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number R01DA045016 – to support exploratory work on this project. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH. Dr. Sabia thanks Christian Pryfogle for outstanding research assistance and Dr. Yang Liang for helpful comments.
