For helpful comments, we thank Ran Abramitzky, Brian A'Hearn, Marcella Alsan, Michael Amior, Brian Beach, Levi Boxell, Thomas Chaney, Carlo Ciccarelli, William Collins, Giuseppe De Arcangelis, Giovanni Facchini, Joseph Ferrie, Michela Giorcelli, Walker Hanlon, Timothy Hatton, Mushfiq Mobarak, Joel Mokyr, Jose Moya, Kaivan Munshi, Federico Nastasi, Cormac Ó Gráda, John Parman, Hannah Postel, Sarah Quincy, Hillel Rapoport, Marco Tabellini, Gaspare Tortorici; seminar participants at Harvard University, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (the Department of Economics, the Department of Environmental Economics and Management, and the Migration Workshop), the London School of Economics, Northwestern University, Oxford University, Queen's University Belfast, Stanford University, Tel Aviv University, the University of California Davis, the University of Michigan, the University of Mississippi, the University of Nottingham, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Warwick, Vanderbilt University (the Department of Economics and the Robert Penn Warren Institute), Yale University, and the Economics of Migration Senior Migration Seminar; and conference participants at the 2019 Galatina Summer Meetings, the 2020 Allied Social Sciences Association Meetings, the 2020 H2D2 Research Day at the University of Michigan, the 2020 Economic History Association of Israel Meeting, the 2021 Economic History Society Conference, the 2021 Migration and Development Conference, the 2022 Economic History Association Conference, and the 2022 Columbian Shock Conference at Yale University. Christine Chang, Jenny Liu, Jared Katz, Paul Mitalipov, Elizabeth Nelson, Ilan Pargamin, Sarah Robinson, Stephania Stavropoulos, Claire Whittaker, and Danielle Williamson provided excellent research assistance. This project was supported by a Vanderbilt University Research Scholar Grant. Work on this paper was completed while Ariell Zimran was a W. Glenn Campbell and Rita Ricardo-Campbell National Fellow and the William C. Bark National Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University and while he was a Visiting Scholar at the Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis; funding from both institutions is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or of the Federal Reserve System. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. SES-1425598. This research was supported by the Israel Science Foundation (grant No. 3121/21). Additional financial support was provided by the Northwestern University Center for Economic History, The Falk Institute for Economic Research, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the German-Israeli Foundation, and Vanderbilt University. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
