Scientific Education and Innovation: From Technical Diplomas to University STEM Degrees

We thank Ran Abramitzky, Nick Bloom, Leah Boustan, Mary Burke, Annamaria Conti, Dora Costa, Pascaline Dupas, Caroline Hoxby, Ben Jones, Maurizio Mazzocco, Melanie Morten, Petra Moser, Giovanni Peri, and seminar and conference participants at the ASSA meeting, Barcelona GSE, Collegio Carlo Alberto, EHA meeting, INPS, MEA meeting, Modena, NBER, Northwestern, NUS, Searle Center, Stanford, UCLA, and UC-Riverside for helpful comments. Mohammad Zuhad Hai provided excellent research assistance. We thank Istituto Nazionale Previdenza Sociale (INPS) for making the social security data available through the VisitINPS program. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Stanford Europe Center and the Stanford Center for International Development. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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