Divide and Rule or the Rule of the Divided? Evidence from Africa

We would like to thank 4 referees and the Editor for their invaluable comments. We thank seminar participants at Dartmouth, Tufts, Oxford, Vienna, Brown, Harvard, NYU, the CEPR Development Economics Workshop, Stanford, UC-Berkeley, UC-Davis, IMF, the NBER Political Economy Meetings, the NBER Summer Institute Meetings in Economic Growth and Income Distribution and the Macroeconomy for valuable comments. We also benefited from discussions with Yannis Ioannides, Rafael La Porta, Antonio Ciccone, Rob Johnson, Raphael Frank, Jim Feyrer, Ross Levine, Avner Greif, Jeremiah Dittmar, David Weil, Sandip Sukhtankar, Quamrul Ashraf, Oded Galor, Ed Kutsoati, Pauline Grosjean, Enrico Perotti, Pedro Dal Bó, Nathan Nunn, Raquel Fernandez, Jim Robinson, and Enrico Spolaore. We are particularly thankful to Andy Zeitlin, Melissa Dell, Andei Shleifer, Nico Voigtländer, and Daron Acemoglu for detailed comments and useful suggestions. We also thank Nathan Nunn for providing the digitized version of Murdock's Tribal Map of Africa. A Supplementary Appendix with additional sensitivity checks is available online at: http://www.dartmouth.edu/~elias/ and http://sites.google.com/site/steliosecon/. All errors are our sole responsibility. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.