The Growth Dividend and Excess Interest

Standard deficit accounting neglects the growth dividend: the amount by which annual GDP growth shrinks the debt-GDP ratio. The growth dividend has more than doubled since the Great Recession because the debt ratio has more than doubled, leading to headline deficits that far exceed changes in the debt ratio. Each year’s change in the debt ratio can be decomposed into three components: the primary deficit (non-interest spending minus tax revenue), interest, and the growth dividend. The sum of the latter two is excess interest: the impact of past debt on the debt ratio, equal to last year’s debt ratio times the excess interest rate r−g/1+g where r is the average nominal interest rate on federal debt and g is the nominal GDP growth rate. Excess interest remains negative in CBO’s baseline ten-year projection. Hence, America’s current debt is sustainable in the CBO baseline despite high interest payments, and primary deficits entirely drive America’s unsustainable debt ratio path. The primary deficit provides a good guide to how the debt ratio is projected to change, while the deficit does not.