The Missing Middle Managers: Labor Costs, Firm Structure, and Development

We thank Giulio Fella, Pete Klenow, and Francesco Caselli for helpful discussions, and audiences at the 2019 SED, 2019 SIEPR reunion conference, 2019 Vienna Macro Cafe, 2019 EPED conference, 2019 NBER Time and Space, 2021 NBER Summer Institute Meetings for Economic Growth and Macroeconomics and Productivity, Central Bank of Costa Rica, Central Bank of Chile, Clemson, LSE, Princeton, Temple, Tsinghua, Iowa State, York University, University of Oslo, University of Zurich, and McGill University for comments, and the Company for data access and many helpful conversations. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System. This research was supported by the Heller-Hurwicz Economics Institute. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2021 research and innovation programme, ERC GA no. 101043465 The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.