Trends in the Level and Distribution of Income Support

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Means‐tested and social insurance programs in the United States have been transformed over the last 25 years, with expansions in Medicare and Medicaid, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Supplemental Security Income and with contractions in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. We examine the effect of these changes on benefits received by families. We find that transfer program expenditures in total rose from 1984 to 2004, but the increase was spread unevenly across different demographic groups and income classes. Very poor elderly, disabled, and childless families received greatly increased expenditures, mostly arising from Social Security, Social Security Disability Insurance, SSI, and the health programs. Very poor single‐parent and two‐parent households experienced declines in expenditures, driven largely by lower recipiency rates, benefit receipt, or both in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children/TANF and Food Stamp programs. For example, AFDC/TANF participation for one‐adult families with children and market income below 50% of the poverty line fell from 62 percent in 1984 to 24 percent in 2004. However, expenditures received by one‐ and two‐parent households further up the income scale increased, largely because of expansions of the EITC. Thus there was a redistribution of income from the very poor to the near‐poor and nonpoor for these one‐ and two‐parent households, as well as an overall relative redistribution from them to the elderly, disabled, and childless.