Daniel L. Chen
Institute for Advanced Study
Toulouse School of Economics
Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
NYU Center for Data Science Lead PI, AMICUS (Analytical Metrics for Informed Courtroom Understanding and Strategy)
oTree Open Source Research Foundation
2023-2024 presentations: Duke, UT Austin, Rice, Minnesota, University of Chicago, Northwestern, University of Michigan, Washington University, Georgetown, NYU, Chicago Federal Reserve, Stanford, Munich, Konstanz, Lausanne, Toulouse, Harvard, Boston University, MIT, UCSD, UCLA, Claremont McKenna, University of Maryland, Brookings Institute, Advances in Field Experiments, Canadian Law and Economics, Conference on Empirical Legal Studies (Plenary), Economic Science Association, Law and Macroeconomics, NEUDC
Streamed presentations:
2023 International Student Week Keynote, Slides
2023 Stanford Center for Rule of Law, Slides
2023 Association of French, Italian and German Administrative Judges, Slides
2023 Experimental Jurisprudence, Slides
2023 IAST-OxPo Political Science & Political Economy, Slides
2023 American Law and Economics Association, Slides
2023 Association of American Law Schools Racial Disparities in Criminal Justice, Slides
2023 Open Door Legal, Slides
2022 Asia Law and Economics Association Keynote
2022 NBER Development
2022 Stanford Hoover Text as Data
2022 Harvard Development Network
2022 NBER SI IT and Digitization
2022 Can AI Be Ethical?
2021 Judiciary of Colombia
2020 International Conference on Computational Social Science Keynote
2020 World Bank DE JURE, Brief
2018 European Law and Economics Association Keynote, Slides
2017 Institutional and Organizational Economics Academy, Slides
2014 Homo Oeconomicus Versus Homo Socialis Zurich
2013 Inaugural Lecture ETH Zurich
Law and economics is divided between the consequentialist view that optimal policy should be based on calculations of costs and benefits and a non-consequentialist view that policy should be determined deontologically: from duties we derive what is the correct law–what is right and just.
Are there deontological motivations, and if there are, how might we formally model these motivations? What are the implications of things like deontological motivations for economics methods and policy, and what puzzles can we explain with deontological motivations that we cannot with standard models? What is the impact of law & economics on justice?
To answer these questions, his research has
- curated 12 terabytes of archival and administrative data on judges and courts where normative ideas incubate; the data bridge machine learning, causal inference, and normative theories of justice regarding equal treatment before the law and equality based on recognition of difference
- developed a programming language to study normative commitments in experiments, now used in over 23 countries, 10 academic disciplines, private and public sectors, and local high schools
- spearheaded randomized impact evaluations to improve justice with high-frequency administrative data in 17 countries
Some current themes on consequences, formation, and measurement of normative commitments (and applications in law) include:
- Law and Development tracing the incentives that led to what are now viewed as human rights violations
- Markets and Morality how market forces interact with normative commitments
- Behavioral Judging social and psychological, economic and political influences on legal ideas and production of justice
- Law and Legitimacy role of legitimacy in legal compliance
- Demography of Ideas economics of interpretation (hermemetrics) as a source of normative commitments
- AI and Rule of Law leveraging normative commitments to facilitate justice
His research has been accepted in leading economics journals (American Economic Review, Econometrica, Journal of Political Economy, and Quarterly Journal of Economics), science journals (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Science Advances, Nature Human Behavior), double-blind peer-review law outlets (Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum and Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum), 5 NeurIPS selections (Machine Learning and Law, Interpretable Machine Learning, CausalML, ML for Economic Policy, and AI for Credible Elections), and press outlets (Washington Post, New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and Times of India) and has been referenced in 2 National Academy of Sciences Study Reports (Deterrence and the Death Penalty (2012) and Decarcerating Correctional Facilities during COVID-19 (2020)).
The research has anchored successful applications with € 10 350 000 in grant budget awarded for “Origins and Effects of Normative Commitments”, “Positive Foundations of Normative Commitments”, “Digital Humanities: Legal Analysis in a Big Data World”, “The Impact of Justice Innovations on Poverty, Growth, and Development”, "Data AI and IE", "Green and Digital Development", “High-Dimensional Econometrics Applications in Law and Economics”, “Markets and Morality: Do Free Markets Corrode Moral Values?”, and "oTree: An Open-Source Platform for Online, Lab, and Field Experiments".
He was Coordinating PI for a € 13 300 000 European Research Council Synergy grant proposal "Difference-in-Indifference: Normative Commitments in Multiculturalist Societies" that advanced to the second stage in 2018 and Lead PI for a € 3 600 000 European Research Council Advanced grant proposal "E-Justice Innovations in the Wake of COVID-19" that advanced to the second stage in 2022.
His research has also received support from The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, European Research Council Consolidator Grant, Swiss National Science Foundation, Russell Sage Foundation, European Union, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, DFID, Google Inclusion, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, International Growth Centre, Knowledge for Trust Fund, MacArthur Foundation, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, Social Science Research Council, Templeton Foundation, Earhart Foundation, Institute for Humane Studies, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, and National Science Foundation.
He serves or has served on the Program Committees of NAACL Natural Legal Language Processing, International Conference on AI and Law, Econometric Society Meetings, European Economic Association, American Law and Economics Association, and European Law and Economics Association, and been invited to deliver keynotes at the European Law and Economics Association, Asia Law and Economics Association, French Law and Economics Association, International Conference on Computational Social Science (IC2S2), AI, law, and behavioral science conferences, and the 2018 Heremans Lectures in Law & Economics.AMICUS (Analytical Metrics for Informed Courtroom Understanding and Strategy)/DE JURE (Data and Evidence for Justice Reform)’s aim is to revolutionize how legitimacy and equality in justice systems are measured, understood, and enhanced. The goal is to move from studying historical data to working with administrative data, machine learning, and RCTs to achieve a more just system. The program has thus far worked with countries in three broad categories. In the first group, AMICUS works closely with court management, judiciaries, and training academies to design, deploy, and evaluate interventions—often developing the technologies to do so. In the second group, AMICUS works with auxiliary actors involved in access to justice to assess trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (AI) and trust in the law. In the third group, AMICUS obtains data and conducts historical analyses on judicial efficiency or inconsistencies that may spur a cycle of change.
Papers
Peer-Review Publications
Markets and Morality: How Markets Shape Our Dis(Regard) for Others
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, forthcoming; E. Reinhart
Who Cares? Measuring Attitude Strength in a Polarized Environment
Political Science Research and Methods, forthcoming; C. Cavaille, K. Van der Straeten
The Disavowal of Decisionism in American Law: Political Motivation in the Judiciary
Review of Law and Economics, forthcoming; E. Reinhart
Mapping the Geometry of Law using Document Embeddings
European Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, forthcoming; S. Bhupatiraju; K. Venkataramanan
Gender Attitudes in the Judiciary: Evidence from U.S. Circuit Courts
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 16(1), 314-350, 2024; DOI: 10.1257/app.20210435; E. Ash, A. Ornaghi
Invariance of Equilibrium to the Strategy Method I: Theory
Journal of the Economic Science Association, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40881-023-00145-3; M. Schonger-
Invariance of Equilibrium to the Strategy Method II: Experimental Evidence
Journal of the Economic Science Association, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40881-023-00146-2; M. Schonger -
Non-Confrontational Extremists
European Economic Review, 157, 2023: 104521; M. Michaeli, D. Spiro
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Do Markets Overcome Repugnance? Muslim Trade Response to Anti-Muhammad Cartoons
European Economic Review, 156, 2023: 104483
Ramadan Fasting Increases Leniency in Judges from Pakistan and India
Nature Human Behavior, 2023, 1-7; Cover article; S. Mehmood, A. Seror
Clash of Norms: Judicial Leniency on Defendant Birthdays
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 211, 324-344, 2023; A. Philippe
Judicial Compliance in District Courts
International Review of Law and Economics, 2023: 106122
Motivational Drivers for Serial Position Effects in High-Stakes Legal Decisions
Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(7), 1137–1156, 2023; O. Plonsky, Y. Feldman, T. Steiner, L. Nitzer
Social Preferences or Sacred Values? Theory and Evidence of Deontological Motivations
Science Advances, 8(19), eabb3925, 2022; M. Schonger
Measuring Judicial Sentiment: Methods and Application to U.S. Circuit Courts
Economica, 89, 362–376, 2022; E. Ash, S. Galletta
COVID-19 Within Families Amplifies the Prosociality Gap Between Adolescents of High and Low Socioeconomic Status
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (46), e2110891118, 2021; M. Sutter, C. Terrier
Carceral-Community Epidemiology, Structural Racism, and Covid-19 Disparities
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (21), e2026577118, 2021; E. Reinhart
Association of Jail Decarceration and Anti-Contagion Policies with Covid-19 Case Growth Rates in United States Counties
Journal of American Medical Association Network Open, 4(9), e2123405, 2021; E. Reinhart
Incarceration And Its Disseminations: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons From Chicago’s Cook County Jail
Health Affairs, 39(8), 1412-1418, 2020; E. Reinhart
Automated Fact-Value Distinction in Court Opinions
European Journal of Law and Economics, 50, 451-467, 2020, lead article; Y. Cao, E. Ash
Gender Violence and the Price of Virginity: Theory and Evidence of Incomplete Marriage Contracts
Journal of Religion and Demography, 7(2), 190-221, 2020
Judicial Analytics and the Great Transformation of American Law
Artificial Intelligence and Law, 27(1), 15-42, 2019
Mandatory Disclosure: Theory and Evidence from Industry-Physician Relationships
Journal of Legal Studies, 48(2), 409-440, 2019; V. Levonyan, E. Reinhart, G. Taksler
Law and Literature: Theory and Evidence on Empathy and Guile
Review of Law and Economics, 15(1), 2018
Electoral Cycles Among U.S. Courts of Appeals Judges
Journal of Law and Economics, 60(3), 479-496, 2017; C. Berdejo
The Shareholder Wealth Effects of Delaware Litigation
American Law and Economics Review, 19(2), 287-326, 2017; A. Badawi
Decision-Making Under the Gambler’s Fallacy: Evidence From Asylum Courts, Loan Officers, and Baseball Umpires
Quarterly Journal of Economics, 131(3): 1181-1241, 2016; T. Moskowitz, K. Shue
oTree: An Open Source Platform for Online, Lab, and Field Experiments
Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 9(1), 88-97, 2016, M. Schonger, C. Wickens
Perceived Masculinity Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Outcomes
PLoS-ONE, 11(10), e0164324, 2016; Y. Halberstam, A. Yu
Are Online Labor Markets Spot Markets for Tasks? A Field Experiment on the Behavioral Response to Wages Cuts
Information Systems Research, 27(2), 403-423, 2016; J. Horton
Can Markets Stimulate Rights? On the Alienability of Legal Claims
RAND Journal of Economics, 46(1), 23-65, 2015
The Construction of Morals
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 104, 84-105, 2014; S. Yeh
Sparse Models and Methods for Optimal Instruments with an Application to Eminent Domain
Econometrica, 80(6), 2369-2429, 2012; A. Belloni, V. Chernozhukov, C. Hansen
Can Countries Reverse Fertility Decline? Evidence from France's Marriage and Baby Bonuses, 1929-1981
International Tax and Public Finance, 118(3), 252-271, 2011
Club Goods and Group Identity: Evidence from Islamic Resurgence During the Indonesian Financial Crisis
Journal of Political Economy, 118(2), 300-354, 2010
Income Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility
Journal of Economic Growth, 7(3), 227-258, 2002; M. Kremer
Peer-Review Conference Proceedings
Civicbase: An Open-Source Platform for Deploying Quadratic Voting for Survey Research NeurIPS21
AI Magazine, 44(3), 263-273; M. Bassetti, R.Das, G. Dias, A. Mortoni
In-group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5.5 million Criminal Cases
Proceedings of the 4th ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies, 2021; E. Ash, S. Asher, A. Bhowmick, S. Bhupatiraju, T. Devi, C. Goessmann, P. Novosad, B. Siddiqi
Analysis of Vocal Implicit Bias in SCOTUS Decisions Through Predictive Modeling
Proceedings of Experimental Linguistics, 2018; E. Ash, R. Vunikili, H. Ochani, D. Jaiswal, R. Deshmukh
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Non-Segmental Conditioning of Sibilant Variation in American English
Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, 2018; J. Phillips, A. Yu
The Genealogy of Ideology: Identifying Persuasive Memes and Predicting Agreement in the U.S. Courts of Appeals
Proceedings of the ACM Conference on AI and the Law, 2017;
Law Review and Non-Peer Review Publications
Incarceration And Its Disseminations: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons From Chicago’s Cook County Jail - A Response to Pierson et al.
Health Affairs, 40(1), 177, 2021; E. Reinhart
The Promise of Machine Learning for the Courts of India
National Law School of India Review, 33(2), 2020; S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi
A Better Way to Onboard AI
Harvard Business Review, July-August, 2-11, 2020; B. Babic, T. Evgeniou, A. Fayard
A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Understanding Survey Response: Likert vs. Quadratic Voting for Attitudinal Research
University of Chicago Law Review Online, 22(2019); C. Cavaille, K. Van der Straeten
Automated Classification of Modes of Moral Reasoning in Judicial Decisions
Computational Legal Studies, 2018; N. Mainali, L. Meier, E. Ash
What Kind of Judge is Brett Kavanaugh? A Quantitative Analysis
Cardozo Law Review de novo, 2018; E. Ash
Economics, Religion, and Culture: A Brief Introduction
Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 104, 1-3, 2014; D. Hungerman
A Market for Justice: A First Empirical Look at Third-Party Litigation Funding
University of Pennslyvania Journal of Business Law, 15(3), 2013; D. Abrams
Distinguishing Between Custom and Law: Empirical Examples of Endogeneity from Property and First Amendment Precedents
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 21(1081), 2013; S. Yeh
Sonia Sotomayor and the Construction of Merit
Emory Law Journal, 61(4), 2012; G. Charles, M. Gulati
Does Disclosure Matter? Comment
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 168(1), 120-123, 2012
Trading Off Reproductive Technology and Adoption: A Response to Appleton and Pollak
Minnesota Law Review, 95(6), 2011; I. G. Cohen
Trading Off Reproductive Technology and Adoption: Do IVF Subsidies Decrease Adoption Rates and Should It Matter? Stanford-Yale Junior Faculty Forum
Minnesota Law Review, 95(2), 2010; I. G. Cohen
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Income-Distribution Dynamics with Endogenous Fertility
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 89(2), 155-160, 1999; M. Kremer
Chapters
Revolutionizing Judicial Efficiency in India: The Role of AI and ML in Enhancing the eCourts Experience
Cambridge University Press Handbook on Courts and AI, 2026; S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi
Using Data and Technology to Improve Court Performance and to Strengthen Alternative Dispute Resolution
World Development Report Annex, 2022
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Government Analytics Using Machine Learning
Handbook of Measurement, 2022; S. Bhupatiraju, S. Jankin, G. Kim, M. Kupi, M. Ramos-Maqueda
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Digitalization of Justice: The Impact of Judicial Speed on Firm Outcomes in Croatia
Data, Digitalization, and Governance, Europe and Central Asia Economic Update (Spring) 2021; M. Ramos-Maqueda
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Latin America & the Caribbean (LAC) Program
DIME Report; G. Bedoya, M. Ramos-Maqueda, T. Scot, A. Legovini, S. Milusheva, C. Piza
Machine Learning and Rule of Law
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(16)
Case Vectors: Spatial Representations of the Law Using Document Embeddings
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(11); E. Ash
Attorney Voice and the U.S. Supreme Court
Law as Data, Santa Fe Institute Press, ed. M. Livermore and D. Rockmore, 2019(13); Y. Halberstam, M. Kumar, A. Yu
Intermediated Social Preferences: Altruism in an Algorithmic Era
Advances in Economics of Religion, Vol. 158, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, ed. J. P. Carvalho, S. Iyer, J. Rubin.
Tastes for Desert and Placation: A Reference Point-Dependent Model of Social Preferences
Research in Experimental Economics, Experimental Economics and Culture, Volume 20, 205-226, 2018; Bingley, UK: Emerald; ed. A. Gunnthorsdottir and D. A. Norton
Does Appellate Precedent Matter? Stock Price Responses to Appellate Court Decisions of FCC Actions
Empirical Legal Analysis: Assessing the Performance of Legal Institutions, 2013; A. Araiza, S. Yeh
Islamic Resurgence and Social Violence During the Indonesian Financial Crisis
Institutions and Norms in Economic Development, MIT Press, ed. M. Gradstein and K. Konrad, 179-200, 2007
Monographs
A Decade of POCSO Developments, Challenges and Insights from Judicial Data
Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, 2022; Apoorva, A. Ranjan, S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi
Deep IV in Law: Appellate Decisions and Texts Impact Sentencing in Trial Courts NeurIPS19
Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/9781009296403; Z. Huang, X. Zhang, R. Wang
Lectures
Incremental AI
Asian Journal of Law and Economics, 14(1), 2023, 1-16.
Transforming Justice in the Middle East and North Africa through Data
in A New State of Mind, Middle East and Near Africa World Bank Flagship Report, 2022; M. Ramos-Maqueda
Religion, Welfare Politics, and Church-State Separation
Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 42(1), 42-52, 2007; lecture; J. Lind
Op-Eds
L'odyssée de l'intelligence artificielle
L'Opinion, Aug 25, 2023
A Decade Later, POSCO Isn’t Perfect, But It’s Had an Impact
The Times of India, Nov 21, 2022; A. Ranjan, S. Bhupatiraju, S. Joshi
A Judge Retires. Just How Political Is That Decision?
The New York Times, April 14, 2022; E. Reinhart
Releasing Nonviolent Accused Makes Us Safer in Covid Era
Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2020; E. Reinhart
Kavanaugh is radically conservative. Here's the data to prove it
Washington Post, Jul 10, 2018; E. Ash
Revise and Resubmit
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Transmitting Rights
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy; S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
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Can Policies Affect Preferences? Theory and Evidence from Random Variation in Abortion Jurisprudence
Scandinavian Journal of Economics; V. Levonyan, S. Yeh
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Altruism in Governance:
Insights from Randomized Training for Pakistan's Junior Ministers
Journal of Development Economics; S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
The Judicial Superego: Implicit Egoism, Internalized Racism, and Prejudice in Three Million Sentencing Decisions
Priming Ideology I: How Presidential Elections Affect U.S. Judges
Priming Ideology II: Presidential Elections Increasingly Affect U.S. Judges
In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5 Million Criminal Cases
Is Ambiguity Aversion a Preference? Ambiguity Aversion without Asymmetric Information
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Grit and Academic Resilience During Covid-19
Nature NPJ Science of Learning; S. Ertac, T. Evgeniou, A. Nadaf, X. Miao, E. Yilmaz
Reject and Resubmit
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Ideas Have Consequences: The Impact of Law and Economics on American Justice
Quarterly Journal of Economics; E. Ash, S. Naidu
Shaping Societal Norms: Experimental Evidence on the Normative Impacts of Free Speech Law
Submitted
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The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I
Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court
Unraveling and Judge Productivity in the Market for Federal Judicial Law Clerks: Evidence and A Novel Proposal
The Role of Justice in Development: The Data Revolution
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Data Science for Justice: Evidence from a Nationwide Randomized Experiment in Kenya
M. Chemin, V. Di Maro, P. Kimalu, M. Ramos-Maqueda
What Role Does Access to Civil Justice Play in Reducing Homelessness?
Impact of Free Legal Search on Rule of Law: Evidence from Indian Kanoon
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Building Courts: Effects on Access to Justice and Economic Development
M. Chemin, P. Kimalu, M. Ramos-Maqueda
Information Provision and Court Performance: Experimental Evidence from Chile
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Training Policymakers in Econometrics
S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
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AI Education as State Capacity: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
Mostly Harmless Machine Learning: Learning Optimal Instruments in Linear IV Models NeurIPS20
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Insiders, Outsiders, and Involuntary Unemployment: Sexual Harassment Exacerbates Gender Inequality
J. Sethi
Growth Under the Shadow of Expropriation? The Economics Impacts of Eminent Domain
How Do Rights Revolutions Occur? Free Speech and the First Amendment
Environmental Litigation as Scrutiny: A Four Decade Analysis of Justice, Firms, and Pollution in India
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The Political Economy of Beliefs: Why Fiscal and Social Conservatives/Liberals Come Hand-in-Hand
J. Lind
The Prejudices of Economic Ideology: The Exacerbation of Racial and Gender Inequalities by Economics Training for Judges, A Natural Experiment
The Relativity of Racial Perception: Color Contrast Effects in Refugee Courts
E. Reinhart
How Prosecutors Exacerbate Racial Disparities
E. Reinhart
The Legal Reproduction of Racism: Determinants of Sentencing Disparities
E. Reinhart
Motivated Reasoning in the Field: Polarization of Precedent, Prose, and Policy in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1930-2013
Re-Examining Juicial Bias
Prejudice in Practice
Caste aside? Names, Networks and Justice in the courts of Bihar, India
Mood and the Malleability of Moral Reasoning: The Impact of Irrelevant Factors on Judicial Decision Making
Homophily and Transmission of Behavioral Traits in Networks
Why Are Rights Revolutions Rare?
Inside the Mind of Inmates: An Empirical Study of Inmates’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior
Role Models and Theory of Mind: Teacher Vaccinations and Student Success
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The Strategic Display of Facial Expressions
A. Hopfensitz, J. Van Der Ven, B. Van Leeuwen
Attitudes as Assets
Willingness To Say? Optimal Survey Design for Prediction
Legitimizing Policy
Contract Enforcement in a Stateless Economy
Addiction and Illegal Markets
Courts and Informality Across Countries
Testing Axiomatizations of Ambiguity Aversion
Reward-on-the-Line Offline Reinforcement Learning for Conversational Agents
Automated Legal Information Retrieval and Summarization
Does Quadratic Voting for Survey Research (QVSR) Improve Policymaking and Decision Outcomes?
The Impact of Online Dispute Resolution on Judicial Outcomes in India
Accepted at Conferences
Algorithms as Prosecutors: Lowering Rearrest Rates Without Disparate Impacts and Identifying Defendant Characteristics ‘Noisy’ to Human Decision-Makers Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum NeurIPS17
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Judicial Inattention: Machine Prediction of Appeal Success in U.S. Asylum Courts
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Machine Learning and Deterrence
H. Sigstad
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Mimicry: Phonetic Accommodation Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Votes
A. Yu
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Religious Freedoms, Church-State Separation, and Religiosity: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges
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Is Justice Really Blind? And Is It Also Deaf?
M. Kumar
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Using Machine Learning to Detect Human Rights Abuses
Data Science Justice Collaboratory
We are always looking for curious, dedicated people interested in getting involved with research at the postdoctoral, doctoral, or
pre-doctoral level. See research statement for background on current research. Brief summary of ongoing projects analyzing 12 terabytes of curated archival and administrative data on judges and courts: Slides
Interested graduate and postdoctoral applicants should email a current CV, sample publication or manuscript, short description of research interests (2 pages or less), and names of 3 references. Undergraduate applicants should have a strong mathematical or computational background, broad knowledge in statistical methods, and experience with large data sets. For example, see 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 machine learning projects. oTree applicants should have Django, Python, and web development experience. Applicants should also have leadership and organizational skills as the position may require playing a leadership role as well as supervising research assistants.
Data
1. Link administrative Medicare data to industry-physician relationships cleaned from litigation settlements (a comprehensive dataset is available through the Affordable Care Act) to examine the impact of disclosure laws and the impact of pharmaceutical company payments to doctors on prescribing, patient outcomes, and patient adherence.
2. Automate advances in high-dimensional econometrics for causal effects of court precedent where judges are randomly assigned. Apply method in legal areas where we have already hand-coded data (sexual harassment, eminent domain, free speech, abortion, church-state separation, affirmative action, gay rights, disability rights, campaign finance, capital punishment, criminal appeals, desegregation, sex discrimination, punitive damages, federalism, National Labor Review Board, environmental protection, National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Communications Commission, Title VII, First Amendment, Eleventh
Amendment, standing, contracts, and corporate veil piercing are among the 25 polarized legal areas) to study the channels through which legal regulations have their effects. Use high-frequency data to buttress assumptions of exogeneity and precedence. Examine whether law shapes values and conceptions of rights.
3. Develop oTree for running real-time experiments in lab, online, or via smart device in the field for new ways of measuring preferences. Show, e.g., how presence of deontological commitments can problematize widely used experimental methods involving random lottery incentive and strategy method; theoretically and empirically probe foundations of polarization; test assumptions in private law and judicial decision-making. oTree is open-source and an innovation on zTree.
4. Digitize universe of US Circuit Court cases from 1880 to 2013 (roughly 380,000 cases), the identities of randomly assigned judges sitting on the panels and authoring the opinions, the dissents and concurrences, the judges' biographies, the hand-labeled legal topic, the citation network among the cases, and 2 billion N-grams of up to length eight. Link publicly available Supreme Court datasets, US District docket datasets, geocoded judge seats, biographies of judicial clerks, 5% random sample hand-labeled for hundreds of features including vote ideology, oral arguments, and administrative data from Administrative Office of the US Courts (date of key milestones, e.g., oral arguments, when was the last brief filed, etc.) for measuring priming of identity, implicit bias, peer effects, perfectionism, partisan ways of persuasion, judicial innovation, career incentives, how markets unravel, potential Supreme Court nominees, geometry of law, legal reasoning, fact vs. value, judicial policy levers, and the genealogy of ideologies and schools of thought in temporally and spatially disaggregated text. Use algorithmic mechanism design, LASSO, and automated text analysis for court precedent project and citation data for econometrics of networks.
5. Digitize World War I British archival datasets, including universe of deserters reported in military diaries, police gazettes, and handwritten military trials, commuted and executed capital sentences, geocoded casualties, maps, officer lists, and order of battle to examine the role of legitimacy in legal compliance, effect of the death penalty on British vs. Irish soldiers, and potential long-run impact of demographic violence.
6. Curate universe of administrative data on 1 million refugee asylum and 15 million hearing sessions and their time of day across 50 courthouses and 20 years (with randomly assigned judges), 1 million criminal sentencing decisions in US District Courts from 1992-2009 (with randomly assigned judges), and hand-collected biographical data to study gambler's fallacy, implicit egoism, habit formation, racial contrast, mood, inattention, interpellation, revealed preference indifference, sequence effects, and time of day effects on judges' normative commitments.
7. Link universe of individuals in a district attorney's office over a decade with many stages of random assignment, linked to administrative data on wages, education, credit, among other life outcomes, and past and current addresses for survey follow-up to measure, e.g., name letter effects, how algorithms can reduce disparate impacts and identify noisy characteristics to human decision makers, perceived legitimacy of law using a tool like oTree, and the long-run effects of forced migration.
8. Digitize speech patterns in US Supreme Court oral arguments since 1955 - longitudinal data on speech intonation (linguistic turns) are rare. Link to oral advocates' biographies, faces, clipped identical introductory sentences, and ratings of their traits. Test labor market treatment of mutable characteristics and persuasion, and mimicry between lawyers and Justices and among Justices over time using high-dimensional econometrics.
9. Over 1000 legal databases tagged and linked including all federal (supreme, appellate, district, bankruptcy, tax, patent, trade, customs, claims, unpublished) and state (supreme, appellate, district, tax, chancery, family, labor, unpublished) court cases to the earliest available date (some as early as 1778). Types of databases include code, statutes, bills, regulations, bulletins and notices, commission decisions, Attorney General opinions, rulings, statements, opinion letters, bill tracking, workers' compensation decisions, municipal codes, physician discipline decisions, market conduct examinations, issuances, directives, public health reports, FTC, IRS, EEOC, Department of Labor, Department of Defense, EPA, SEC, Federal Reserve, contract appeals decisions, legislative service, manuals, etc.
10. Case records collected from 24 High Courts and 3000 subordinate courts in India with details on over 8.7 million case records and 67 million hearings. Study (1) impact of court functioning on economic growth and inequality, (2) impact of economics, political, or psychological factors on court outcomes, (3) impact of court decisions or precedents on individuals' outcomes, and (4) artificial intelligence applications. Analogous datasets from Chile, Peru, Brazil, Bangladesh, Croatia, Kenya, and the Philippines.
Google scholar profile
Transmitting Rights
Can Policies Affect Preferences? Theory and Evidence from Random Variation in Abortion Jurisprudence
Altruism in Governance:
Insights from Randomized Training for Pakistan's Junior Ministers
The Judicial Superego: Implicit Egoism, Internalized Racism, and Prejudice in Three Million Sentencing Decisions
Priming Ideology I: How Presidential Elections Affect U.S. Judges
Priming Ideology II: Presidential Elections Increasingly Affect U.S. Judges
In-Group Bias in the Indian Judiciary: Evidence from 5 Million Criminal Cases
Is Ambiguity Aversion a Preference? Ambiguity Aversion without Asymmetric Information
Grit and Academic Resilience During Covid-19
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Ideas Have Consequences: The Impact of Law and Economics on American Justice
Quarterly Journal of Economics; E. Ash, S. Naidu
Shaping Societal Norms: Experimental Evidence on the Normative Impacts of Free Speech Law
Journal of Legal Studies; S. Yeh
Submitted
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The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I
Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court
Unraveling and Judge Productivity in the Market for Federal Judicial Law Clerks: Evidence and A Novel Proposal
The Role of Justice in Development: The Data Revolution
-
Data Science for Justice: Evidence from a Nationwide Randomized Experiment in Kenya
M. Chemin, V. Di Maro, P. Kimalu, M. Ramos-Maqueda
What Role Does Access to Civil Justice Play in Reducing Homelessness?
Impact of Free Legal Search on Rule of Law: Evidence from Indian Kanoon
-
Building Courts: Effects on Access to Justice and Economic Development
M. Chemin, P. Kimalu, M. Ramos-Maqueda
Information Provision and Court Performance: Experimental Evidence from Chile
-
Training Policymakers in Econometrics
S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
-
AI Education as State Capacity: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
S. Mehmood, S. Naseer
Mostly Harmless Machine Learning: Learning Optimal Instruments in Linear IV Models NeurIPS20
-
Insiders, Outsiders, and Involuntary Unemployment: Sexual Harassment Exacerbates Gender Inequality
J. Sethi
Growth Under the Shadow of Expropriation? The Economics Impacts of Eminent Domain
How Do Rights Revolutions Occur? Free Speech and the First Amendment
Environmental Litigation as Scrutiny: A Four Decade Analysis of Justice, Firms, and Pollution in India
-
The Political Economy of Beliefs: Why Fiscal and Social Conservatives/Liberals Come Hand-in-Hand
J. Lind
The Prejudices of Economic Ideology: The Exacerbation of Racial and Gender Inequalities by Economics Training for Judges, A Natural Experiment
The Relativity of Racial Perception: Color Contrast Effects in Refugee Courts
E. Reinhart
How Prosecutors Exacerbate Racial Disparities
E. Reinhart
The Legal Reproduction of Racism: Determinants of Sentencing Disparities
E. Reinhart
Motivated Reasoning in the Field: Polarization of Precedent, Prose, and Policy in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1930-2013
Re-Examining Juicial Bias
Prejudice in Practice
Caste aside? Names, Networks and Justice in the courts of Bihar, India
Mood and the Malleability of Moral Reasoning: The Impact of Irrelevant Factors on Judicial Decision Making
Homophily and Transmission of Behavioral Traits in Networks
Why Are Rights Revolutions Rare?
Inside the Mind of Inmates: An Empirical Study of Inmates’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior
Role Models and Theory of Mind: Teacher Vaccinations and Student Success
-
The Strategic Display of Facial Expressions
A. Hopfensitz, J. Van Der Ven, B. Van Leeuwen
Attitudes as Assets
Willingness To Say? Optimal Survey Design for Prediction
Legitimizing Policy
Contract Enforcement in a Stateless Economy
Addiction and Illegal Markets
Courts and Informality Across Countries
Testing Axiomatizations of Ambiguity Aversion
Reward-on-the-Line Offline Reinforcement Learning for Conversational Agents
Automated Legal Information Retrieval and Summarization
Does Quadratic Voting for Survey Research (QVSR) Improve Policymaking and Decision Outcomes?
The Impact of Online Dispute Resolution on Judicial Outcomes in India
Accepted at Conferences
Algorithms as Prosecutors: Lowering Rearrest Rates Without Disparate Impacts and Identifying Defendant Characteristics ‘Noisy’ to Human Decision-Makers Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum NeurIPS17
-
Judicial Inattention: Machine Prediction of Appeal Success in U.S. Asylum Courts
-
Machine Learning and Deterrence
H. Sigstad
-
Mimicry: Phonetic Accommodation Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Votes
A. Yu
-
Religious Freedoms, Church-State Separation, and Religiosity: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges
-
Is Justice Really Blind? And Is It Also Deaf?
M. Kumar
-
Using Machine Learning to Detect Human Rights Abuses
Data Science Justice Collaboratory
We are always looking for curious, dedicated people interested in getting involved with research at the postdoctoral, doctoral, or
pre-doctoral level. See research statement for background on current research. Brief summary of ongoing projects analyzing 12 terabytes of curated archival and administrative data on judges and courts: Slides
Interested graduate and postdoctoral applicants should email a current CV, sample publication or manuscript, short description of research interests (2 pages or less), and names of 3 references. Undergraduate applicants should have a strong mathematical or computational background, broad knowledge in statistical methods, and experience with large data sets. For example, see 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 machine learning projects. oTree applicants should have Django, Python, and web development experience. Applicants should also have leadership and organizational skills as the position may require playing a leadership role as well as supervising research assistants.
Data
1. Link administrative Medicare data to industry-physician relationships cleaned from litigation settlements (a comprehensive dataset is available through the Affordable Care Act) to examine the impact of disclosure laws and the impact of pharmaceutical company payments to doctors on prescribing, patient outcomes, and patient adherence.
2. Automate advances in high-dimensional econometrics for causal effects of court precedent where judges are randomly assigned. Apply method in legal areas where we have already hand-coded data (sexual harassment, eminent domain, free speech, abortion, church-state separation, affirmative action, gay rights, disability rights, campaign finance, capital punishment, criminal appeals, desegregation, sex discrimination, punitive damages, federalism, National Labor Review Board, environmental protection, National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Communications Commission, Title VII, First Amendment, Eleventh
Amendment, standing, contracts, and corporate veil piercing are among the 25 polarized legal areas) to study the channels through which legal regulations have their effects. Use high-frequency data to buttress assumptions of exogeneity and precedence. Examine whether law shapes values and conceptions of rights.
3. Develop oTree for running real-time experiments in lab, online, or via smart device in the field for new ways of measuring preferences. Show, e.g., how presence of deontological commitments can problematize widely used experimental methods involving random lottery incentive and strategy method; theoretically and empirically probe foundations of polarization; test assumptions in private law and judicial decision-making. oTree is open-source and an innovation on zTree.
4. Digitize universe of US Circuit Court cases from 1880 to 2013 (roughly 380,000 cases), the identities of randomly assigned judges sitting on the panels and authoring the opinions, the dissents and concurrences, the judges' biographies, the hand-labeled legal topic, the citation network among the cases, and 2 billion N-grams of up to length eight. Link publicly available Supreme Court datasets, US District docket datasets, geocoded judge seats, biographies of judicial clerks, 5% random sample hand-labeled for hundreds of features including vote ideology, oral arguments, and administrative data from Administrative Office of the US Courts (date of key milestones, e.g., oral arguments, when was the last brief filed, etc.) for measuring priming of identity, implicit bias, peer effects, perfectionism, partisan ways of persuasion, judicial innovation, career incentives, how markets unravel, potential Supreme Court nominees, geometry of law, legal reasoning, fact vs. value, judicial policy levers, and the genealogy of ideologies and schools of thought in temporally and spatially disaggregated text. Use algorithmic mechanism design, LASSO, and automated text analysis for court precedent project and citation data for econometrics of networks.
5. Digitize World War I British archival datasets, including universe of deserters reported in military diaries, police gazettes, and handwritten military trials, commuted and executed capital sentences, geocoded casualties, maps, officer lists, and order of battle to examine the role of legitimacy in legal compliance, effect of the death penalty on British vs. Irish soldiers, and potential long-run impact of demographic violence.
6. Curate universe of administrative data on 1 million refugee asylum and 15 million hearing sessions and their time of day across 50 courthouses and 20 years (with randomly assigned judges), 1 million criminal sentencing decisions in US District Courts from 1992-2009 (with randomly assigned judges), and hand-collected biographical data to study gambler's fallacy, implicit egoism, habit formation, racial contrast, mood, inattention, interpellation, revealed preference indifference, sequence effects, and time of day effects on judges' normative commitments.
7. Link universe of individuals in a district attorney's office over a decade with many stages of random assignment, linked to administrative data on wages, education, credit, among other life outcomes, and past and current addresses for survey follow-up to measure, e.g., name letter effects, how algorithms can reduce disparate impacts and identify noisy characteristics to human decision makers, perceived legitimacy of law using a tool like oTree, and the long-run effects of forced migration.
8. Digitize speech patterns in US Supreme Court oral arguments since 1955 - longitudinal data on speech intonation (linguistic turns) are rare. Link to oral advocates' biographies, faces, clipped identical introductory sentences, and ratings of their traits. Test labor market treatment of mutable characteristics and persuasion, and mimicry between lawyers and Justices and among Justices over time using high-dimensional econometrics.
9. Over 1000 legal databases tagged and linked including all federal (supreme, appellate, district, bankruptcy, tax, patent, trade, customs, claims, unpublished) and state (supreme, appellate, district, tax, chancery, family, labor, unpublished) court cases to the earliest available date (some as early as 1778). Types of databases include code, statutes, bills, regulations, bulletins and notices, commission decisions, Attorney General opinions, rulings, statements, opinion letters, bill tracking, workers' compensation decisions, municipal codes, physician discipline decisions, market conduct examinations, issuances, directives, public health reports, FTC, IRS, EEOC, Department of Labor, Department of Defense, EPA, SEC, Federal Reserve, contract appeals decisions, legislative service, manuals, etc.
10. Case records collected from 24 High Courts and 3000 subordinate courts in India with details on over 8.7 million case records and 67 million hearings. Study (1) impact of court functioning on economic growth and inequality, (2) impact of economics, political, or psychological factors on court outcomes, (3) impact of court decisions or precedents on individuals' outcomes, and (4) artificial intelligence applications. Analogous datasets from Chile, Peru, Brazil, Bangladesh, Croatia, Kenya, and the Philippines.
Google scholar profile
The Deterrent Effect of the Death Penalty? Evidence from British Commutations During World War I
Covering: Mutable Characteristics and Perceptions of Voice in the U.S. Supreme Court
Unraveling and Judge Productivity in the Market for Federal Judicial Law Clerks: Evidence and A Novel Proposal
The Role of Justice in Development: The Data Revolution
Data Science for Justice: Evidence from a Nationwide Randomized Experiment in Kenya
What Role Does Access to Civil Justice Play in Reducing Homelessness?
Impact of Free Legal Search on Rule of Law: Evidence from Indian Kanoon
Building Courts: Effects on Access to Justice and Economic Development
Information Provision and Court Performance: Experimental Evidence from Chile
Training Policymakers in Econometrics
AI Education as State Capacity: Experimental Evidence from Pakistan
Mostly Harmless Machine Learning: Learning Optimal Instruments in Linear IV Models NeurIPS20
Insiders, Outsiders, and Involuntary Unemployment: Sexual Harassment Exacerbates Gender Inequality
Growth Under the Shadow of Expropriation? The Economics Impacts of Eminent Domain
How Do Rights Revolutions Occur? Free Speech and the First Amendment
Environmental Litigation as Scrutiny: A Four Decade Analysis of Justice, Firms, and Pollution in India
The Political Economy of Beliefs: Why Fiscal and Social Conservatives/Liberals Come Hand-in-Hand
The Prejudices of Economic Ideology: The Exacerbation of Racial and Gender Inequalities by Economics Training for Judges, A Natural Experiment
The Relativity of Racial Perception: Color Contrast Effects in Refugee Courts
E. Reinhart
How Prosecutors Exacerbate Racial Disparities
E. Reinhart
The Legal Reproduction of Racism: Determinants of Sentencing Disparities
E. Reinhart
Motivated Reasoning in the Field: Polarization of Precedent, Prose, and Policy in U.S. Circuit Courts, 1930-2013
Re-Examining Juicial Bias
Prejudice in Practice
Caste aside? Names, Networks and Justice in the courts of Bihar, India
Mood and the Malleability of Moral Reasoning: The Impact of Irrelevant Factors on Judicial Decision Making
Homophily and Transmission of Behavioral Traits in Networks
Why Are Rights Revolutions Rare?
Inside the Mind of Inmates: An Empirical Study of Inmates’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior
Role Models and Theory of Mind: Teacher Vaccinations and Student Success
The Strategic Display of Facial Expressions
Attitudes as Assets
Willingness To Say? Optimal Survey Design for Prediction
Legitimizing Policy
Contract Enforcement in a Stateless Economy
Addiction and Illegal Markets
Courts and Informality Across Countries
Testing Axiomatizations of Ambiguity Aversion
Reward-on-the-Line Offline Reinforcement Learning for Conversational Agents
Automated Legal Information Retrieval and Summarization
Does Quadratic Voting for Survey Research (QVSR) Improve Policymaking and Decision Outcomes?
The Impact of Online Dispute Resolution on Judicial Outcomes in India
Algorithms as Prosecutors: Lowering Rearrest Rates Without Disparate Impacts and Identifying Defendant Characteristics ‘Noisy’ to Human Decision-Makers Law and STEM Junior Faculty Forum NeurIPS17
Judicial Inattention: Machine Prediction of Appeal Success in U.S. Asylum Courts
Machine Learning and Deterrence
Mimicry: Phonetic Accommodation Predicts U.S. Supreme Court Votes
Religious Freedoms, Church-State Separation, and Religiosity: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges
Is Justice Really Blind? And Is It Also Deaf?
M. Kumar
Using Machine Learning to Detect Human Rights Abuses
Data Science Justice Collaboratory
We are always looking for curious, dedicated people interested in getting involved with research at the postdoctoral, doctoral, or pre-doctoral level. See research statement for background on current research. Brief summary of ongoing projects analyzing 12 terabytes of curated archival and administrative data on judges and courts: Slides Interested graduate and postdoctoral applicants should email a current CV, sample publication or manuscript, short description of research interests (2 pages or less), and names of 3 references. Undergraduate applicants should have a strong mathematical or computational background, broad knowledge in statistical methods, and experience with large data sets. For example, see 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 machine learning projects. oTree applicants should have Django, Python, and web development experience. Applicants should also have leadership and organizational skills as the position may require playing a leadership role as well as supervising research assistants.
Data
1. Link administrative Medicare data to industry-physician relationships cleaned from litigation settlements (a comprehensive dataset is available through the Affordable Care Act) to examine the impact of disclosure laws and the impact of pharmaceutical company payments to doctors on prescribing, patient outcomes, and patient adherence.
2. Automate advances in high-dimensional econometrics for causal effects of court precedent where judges are randomly assigned. Apply method in legal areas where we have already hand-coded data (sexual harassment, eminent domain, free speech, abortion, church-state separation, affirmative action, gay rights, disability rights, campaign finance, capital punishment, criminal appeals, desegregation, sex discrimination, punitive damages, federalism, National Labor Review Board, environmental protection, National Environmental Policy Act, Federal Communications Commission, Title VII, First Amendment, Eleventh Amendment, standing, contracts, and corporate veil piercing are among the 25 polarized legal areas) to study the channels through which legal regulations have their effects. Use high-frequency data to buttress assumptions of exogeneity and precedence. Examine whether law shapes values and conceptions of rights.
3. Develop oTree for running real-time experiments in lab, online, or via smart device in the field for new ways of measuring preferences. Show, e.g., how presence of deontological commitments can problematize widely used experimental methods involving random lottery incentive and strategy method; theoretically and empirically probe foundations of polarization; test assumptions in private law and judicial decision-making. oTree is open-source and an innovation on zTree.
4. Digitize universe of US Circuit Court cases from 1880 to 2013 (roughly 380,000 cases), the identities of randomly assigned judges sitting on the panels and authoring the opinions, the dissents and concurrences, the judges' biographies, the hand-labeled legal topic, the citation network among the cases, and 2 billion N-grams of up to length eight. Link publicly available Supreme Court datasets, US District docket datasets, geocoded judge seats, biographies of judicial clerks, 5% random sample hand-labeled for hundreds of features including vote ideology, oral arguments, and administrative data from Administrative Office of the US Courts (date of key milestones, e.g., oral arguments, when was the last brief filed, etc.) for measuring priming of identity, implicit bias, peer effects, perfectionism, partisan ways of persuasion, judicial innovation, career incentives, how markets unravel, potential Supreme Court nominees, geometry of law, legal reasoning, fact vs. value, judicial policy levers, and the genealogy of ideologies and schools of thought in temporally and spatially disaggregated text. Use algorithmic mechanism design, LASSO, and automated text analysis for court precedent project and citation data for econometrics of networks.
5. Digitize World War I British archival datasets, including universe of deserters reported in military diaries, police gazettes, and handwritten military trials, commuted and executed capital sentences, geocoded casualties, maps, officer lists, and order of battle to examine the role of legitimacy in legal compliance, effect of the death penalty on British vs. Irish soldiers, and potential long-run impact of demographic violence.
6. Curate universe of administrative data on 1 million refugee asylum and 15 million hearing sessions and their time of day across 50 courthouses and 20 years (with randomly assigned judges), 1 million criminal sentencing decisions in US District Courts from 1992-2009 (with randomly assigned judges), and hand-collected biographical data to study gambler's fallacy, implicit egoism, habit formation, racial contrast, mood, inattention, interpellation, revealed preference indifference, sequence effects, and time of day effects on judges' normative commitments.
7. Link universe of individuals in a district attorney's office over a decade with many stages of random assignment, linked to administrative data on wages, education, credit, among other life outcomes, and past and current addresses for survey follow-up to measure, e.g., name letter effects, how algorithms can reduce disparate impacts and identify noisy characteristics to human decision makers, perceived legitimacy of law using a tool like oTree, and the long-run effects of forced migration.
8. Digitize speech patterns in US Supreme Court oral arguments since 1955 - longitudinal data on speech intonation (linguistic turns) are rare. Link to oral advocates' biographies, faces, clipped identical introductory sentences, and ratings of their traits. Test labor market treatment of mutable characteristics and persuasion, and mimicry between lawyers and Justices and among Justices over time using high-dimensional econometrics.
9. Over 1000 legal databases tagged and linked including all federal (supreme, appellate, district, bankruptcy, tax, patent, trade, customs, claims, unpublished) and state (supreme, appellate, district, tax, chancery, family, labor, unpublished) court cases to the earliest available date (some as early as 1778). Types of databases include code, statutes, bills, regulations, bulletins and notices, commission decisions, Attorney General opinions, rulings, statements, opinion letters, bill tracking, workers' compensation decisions, municipal codes, physician discipline decisions, market conduct examinations, issuances, directives, public health reports, FTC, IRS, EEOC, Department of Labor, Department of Defense, EPA, SEC, Federal Reserve, contract appeals decisions, legislative service, manuals, etc.
10. Case records collected from 24 High Courts and 3000 subordinate courts in India with details on over 8.7 million case records and 67 million hearings. Study (1) impact of court functioning on economic growth and inequality, (2) impact of economics, political, or psychological factors on court outcomes, (3) impact of court decisions or precedents on individuals' outcomes, and (4) artificial intelligence applications. Analogous datasets from Chile, Peru, Brazil, Bangladesh, Croatia, Kenya, and the Philippines.